States may claim an EEZ that extends 200 nautical miles from the baseline. Freedom of the seas definition is the doctrine in which coastal countries used to handle the topic of international waters. Most contemporary geographers disagreed with him. What is the "EEZ"? These disputes may be fueled by a sense of historical or cultural attachment to the land or by a desire to protect traditional ways of life. . AP Human Geography: Everything You Need To Know! War Crimes Overview & List | What is a War Crime? In 1994 the United Nations established the Laws of the Sea. Finally, rising sea levels threaten to alter the current demarcation of maritime zones. The Contiguous Zone has limited sovereignty up to 24 nautical miles from the coast. Maritime boundary disputes: Maritime boundary disputes involve conflicting claims to the rights to explore and exploit the resources of the oceans and seas. These nations also opposed Libyas claim to historical use due to a lack of demonstrated usage and its large size. How did colonialism & the fall of the Soviet Union along with their lasting impacts define interactions between citizens in newly formed states. Territorial seas synonyms, Territorial seas pronunciation, Territorial seas translation, English dictionary definition of Territorial seas. QUIZ NEW SUPER DRAFT. Overall, the relationship between political power and territoriality is complex and multifaceted, and it plays a central role in the study of geopolitics. Islands must be above the water at high tide and able to sustain human habitation or economic life of their own.19 Islands possess the same maritime zones as other landmasses, including a territorial sea, contiguous zone, EEZ, and continental shelf. 12 nautical mile (13.8 mile) of territorial water. Under the UNCLOS, states have the right to explore and exploit the resources of the high seas, subject to certain rules and conditions. Boundary disputes have been a source of conflict and tension in many parts of the world and have contributed to the outbreak of wars and other violent conflicts. What is the EEZ? - National Ocean Service The Rimland Theory has been criticized for its deterministic and Eurocentric approach, which fails to account for the complexity and diversity of world politics. Mackinder is known for his work on the concept of the "Heartland," which he developed in his paper "The Geographical Pivot of History" (1904). Territorial Sea. Political power and territoriality can also be closely related in the sense that the control of territory can be used as a way of asserting or defending political power. Straight baselines can be considered in the case of economic interest peculiar to the region concerned if there is demonstrated long usage by the State drawing the baseline.16, River mouths are where rivers empty into the ocean. A conference regulating European colonization and trade in Africa, held in Berlin, Germany in 1884. AP Human Geography Unit 4 | Geography - Quizizz . Examples from the United States, include the Louisiana Purchase from France and the Gadsden Purchase from Mexico.Annexation implies the taking of land, frequently associated with at least some degree of coercion. The high seas are the waters and oceans outside the territorial jurisdiction of any individual state. Typically, this must be peaceful and public.Prescription is similar to occupation, but concerns otherwise empty territory. AP Human Geo - 4.5 The Function of Political Boundaries | Fiveable United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Article 5, Dec. 10, 1982, 1833 U.N.T.S. It opened for signature on December 10th, 1982 and was put into force on November 16th, 1994. The LOSC allows a State to conduct economic activities for a distance of 200 nautical miles from the baseline, or the continental margin where it extends beyond 200 nautical miles. A low-tide elevation is a landmass that is completely submerged during high tide but above water at low tide. 2023 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved. Where are most colonies located today, who owns the largest in population, and who historically controlled the most? Ratzel's theory was influential in shaping the foreign policies of various countries and was used to justify imperialism and territorial expansion by European powers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Territory - National Geographic Society The economic rights within the continental shelf extend only to non-living resources and sedentary living resources, such as shellfish. Which of these is an example of an elongated state? If a second state occupies that territory peacefully and publicly over a long period of time, it may be said to have acquired the territory.Accretion is when a state's territory increases by natural processes, such as deposits from rivers or volcanic eruptions.Cession is when one nation voluntarily gives up territory to another, typically via a treaty or sale. You cannot download interactives. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. A prorupted state is a state that has a primary body of territory that comprises most of the state, but that also has a long extension that can dramatically increase the territorial power and significance of the country. Political power refers to the ability of a group or individual to influence or control the decisions, actions, and resources of others. The Heartland Theory is a geopolitical theory developed by British geographer Halford Mackinder in the early 20th century. Matching game, word search puzzle, and hangman also available. A dispute is a disagreement or difference of opinion between two or more parties. Another challenge centers on the definition of islands. What is Contempt of Court? Edit. - National Ocean Service, Maritime Zones and Boundaries - NOAA Office of General Counsel, Federal Government Releases New Strategies to Advance Ocean Exploration, Website Satisfaction Survey Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extends no more than 200 nautical miles from the territorial sea baseline and is adjacent to the 12 nautical mile territorial sea of the U.S., including the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and any other territory or Political Entity Types & Examples | What is a Political Entity? Civil Suit Overview & Types | What is a Civil Suit? Although the LOSC does not impose any limitations on fishing in the high seas, it encourages regional cooperation to conserve those resources and ensure their sustainability for future generations. It identified which resources and how much each country was entitled to and the laws necessary to conserve the ocean's integrity. According to Mackinder, the "heartland," which includes areas such as Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia, is the pivot point of world politics because it is the largest contiguous landmass on earth and contains the majority of the world's population and resources. In human societies, territoriality is often tied to ideas of ownership, sovereignty, and jurisdiction, and it is often used as a means of establishing and maintaining power and control. In addition to land, territory includes adjacent waters and associated airspace. Living resources, such as fish, are available for exploitation by any vessel from any State. It was eventually discarded because of issues with increased pollution and the plundering of natural resources. Unit 4 Vocabulary - Political Geography 2 .pdf - AP Human When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. U.S. Department of Commerce, Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility, Presidential Proclamation No. Rocks provide their owners with less control than islands, providing only a territorial sea and a contiguous zone. Atolls are small, U-shaped islands or reefs which are made from coral. Article 56 also allows States to establish and use artificial islands, installations and structures, conduct marine scientific research, and protect and preserve the marine environment through Marine Protected Areas.5 Article 58 declares that Articles 88 to 115 of the Convention relating to high seas rights apply to the EEZ in so far as they are not incompatible with this Part [V].6. Nations may also exercise an exclusive economic zone out to 322 kilometers (200 miles) where they may develop natural resources.Under international law, a territory is an essential part of the definition of a state. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. Internal boundaries can be found in a variety of contexts, including geographic regions, political divisions, and organizational structures. That's why the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea was adopted in the late 20th century. The low-water line is derived from the coastal States own charts.1. A state's territorial sea, where it is sovereign, extends 19 kilometers (12 miles) into the sea. The right of innocent passage for foreign vessels within the territorial sea of a coastal State is defined as "navigation through the territorial sea for the purpose of (a) traversing that sea without entering internal waters or calling at a roadstead or port facility outside internal waters; or (b) proceeding to or from internal waters or a call Legal status of the territorial . Unlike the territorial sea, the contiguous zone only gives jurisdiction to a State on the oceans surface and floor.3 It does not provide air and space rights. A state that is completely surrounded by another state. Coastal states also have sovereign rights to what's known as an exclusive economic zone, a 200-nautical-mile area extending from their coastline that allows these states special rights and privileges over other nations to natural resources, research, and environmental protection. According to Spykman, the "rimland," which includes the coastal regions of Europe, Asia, and Africa, is the key to global dominance because it is the most economically and politically advanced region in the world. The prime and most recent example of this is China's recent claims to far greater territories in the South China Sea than what is allowed for by the Law of the Sea. The convention produced a set of international laws that seeks to maintain international order and the enforcement of rules at sea. For example, the people may not agree with the boundaries or other states may not recognize them. . Mackinder argued that the heartland, which includes areas such as Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia, is the pivot point of world politics because it is the largest contiguous landmass on earth and contains the majority of the world's population and resources. An error occurred trying to load this video. Examples include the U.S. annexation of Texas in 1845, and Germanys annexation of Austria in 1938. One classic example of an exclave is Alaska because it is not part of the contiguous continental United States. The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is up to 200 nautical miles to explore in and extract materials from. (available at: US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The Organic Theory, also known as the Theory of Lebensraum, was developed by the German geographer Friedrich Ratzel in the late 19th century. However, despite this clarified law, numerous conflicts have arisen. AP Human Geography is ideal for introductory-level AP learning. Students can develop skills in mastering the immersive curriculum, time management, and structured testing methods required to successfully pass an AP course. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration In general, a State has more rights in zones near to its coastline than it does further into the ocean. As seen in the graphic below, the LOSC divides the ocean into six different zones: Internal waters are all the waters that fall landward of the baseline, such as lakes, rivers, and tidewaters. If the entrance is equal to or less than 24 miles wide at low-tide, then a State may draw a straight baseline across the entrance, effectively making the entire bay internal waters. A perforated state is a state that __________. 5030 of March 10, 1983, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Geography of Denmark - Wikipedia High Seas is anywhere past the EEZ. In general, a bay is a large indentation in a shoreline. Disputes can arise in a variety of contexts, such as in personal relationships, in business or commercial transactions, or in the context of public policy or international relations. The United States was part of the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea in the 1970s and 1980s. Protection of human life 70 Article 147. Although not a signatory of LOSC, The U.S. established an EEZ by Presidential Proclamation in 1983. Territoriality is more complicated than just maps. Start studying Ap Human Geography unit 4 study guide. | Contempt of Court Punishment & Examples. States may also establish a contiguous zone from the outer edge of the territorial seas to a maximum of 24 nautical miles from the baseline. The current version of UNCLOS was completed in 1982 and went into effect in 1994. The U.S. is party to separate conventions and regional fisheries management organizations that govern international fishing activity. Chain Migration Overview & Examples | What is Chain Migration? Choose one of the following three options to assist in the process of learning the vocabulary: 1. A boundary between two states that is created in an area that is currently not populated is called a(n) ___________. 12 nautical mile (13.8 mile) of territorial water. Just as you wouldn't want your backyard looted and polluted, neither did coastal countries around the world. Although condemned by the UN Charter, annexation by force, or conquest, may be recognized by other states over time. However, the nation (or nations) controlling the strait regulates the way passages are made. Chapter 3: Freedom of Navigation - Law of the Sea - Tufts University Ratzel argued that nations must continuously seek to expand their territory in order to secure the resources and living space they need to prosper. Spykman's theory has been influential in shaping the foreign policies of various countries and has been used to justify naval expansion and military intervention in the rimland region. GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. Here are some bullet points that summarize key elements of the Rimland Theory: The Rimland Theory suggests that the control of the rimland is crucial to the exercise of global power and influence. Which of these is an example of an exclave? Ocean Pollution Causes, Effects & Prevention | What is Ocean Pollution? An antecedent boundary may come to be more relevant in the future if people begin to settle in the area; this is what happened with the boundary between the United States and Canada in Oregon. This zone extends beyond and adjacent to the seaward boundary of the 12-nautical-mile (14-mile) territorial sea of the United States. It resulted in the "Scramble for Africa," and the subjugation of African nations. AP Human Geography AMSCO Vocabulary - Unit 4 Political Geography Using the Quizlet Vocabulary Link for Unit 4 Political Geography, review all the terms provided. 2023 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved. The first method is by measuring geological features using what is called the Gardiner formula. It proposes that the "rimland," the coastal regions surrounding the "heartland" (the interior of the Eurasian landmass), is the most important area in the world because it is the center of the world's sea power. The intention was to define each country and its control over the ocean specifically. Other States can harvest non- sedentary living resources, such as finfish; lay submarine cables and pipelines; and conduct marine research as if it were international waters (see below).10 As with the EEZ, continental shelf rights do not grant a State the right to restrict navigation.11. Despite its criticisms, Mackinder's work remains an important part of the study of geopolitics and has had a lasting impact on the field of geography. Territoriality is the connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land. These disputes may involve issues such as the rights to use or access certain land, the rights to natural resources, or the rights to build on or develop certain property. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Even small islands, such as the Spratly Islands, which total 1.5 square miles in size, can project hundreds of square nautical miles of exclusive economic control over the South China Sea. It has also been heavily criticized for its naturalistic and deterministic approach, which fails to account for the complex and fluid nature of international relations. Governments and other political actors may seek to defend their territory in order to protect their power and autonomy, and they may use their control of territory as a means of projecting their power and influence beyond their borders. Moreover, the territory of a state is unbreakable and may not be the object of military occupation or other measure of force. In the case of islands situated on atolls or of islands having fringing reefs, the baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the seaward low-water line of the reef.20. Each of these countries has complete dominion of the seas up to 3 miles off their coast. Denmark is a Nordic country located in Northern Europe. A state whose economy functions almost completely independently of imports and exports. Rather than having moving maritime boundaries, the baseline is fixed to begin at the low-water line along the coast. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) - a sea zone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources stretching 200 nautical miles from the coast. Gerrymandering History, Types & Examples | What is Gerrymandering? States with river mouths are permitted to draw a straight baseline between the low-water lines on each bank.17. Source: Transport Geography The United Nations (UN) Charter likewise provides that member states must keep from using forceor even the threat of forceagainst the territorial integrity of any state.However, territory and sovereignty over territory may be acquired by other means. Geography of Denmark. It is often in the interests of the parties involved to try to resolve disputes peacefully, as disputes can lead to conflict, hostility, and resentment if they are not resolved. The United Nations created the law of the sea to avoid conflict over the ocean by establishing laws that cover traditions and treaties. Territorial seas legal definition of Territorial seas Unlike the territorial sea and the contiguous zone, the EEZ only allows for the previously mentioned resource rights and the law enforcement capacity to protect those rights. This new territory would allow China to control more water to extract natural resources, control more extensive trade routes, and extend areas where they could grow fishing practices to their benefit. It has also been criticized for its deterministic and Eurocentric approach, which fails to account for the complexity and diversity of world politics. GENERAL PROVISIONS 23 Article 2. Maritime zones are drawn using what the LOSC calls baselines. Unlike inland waters, coastal waters rise and fall in tides. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. . Two classic examples of fragmented states are Indonesia and the Philippines because they are states comprised of a few big islands and dozens of smaller islands. Its easy to draw lines on a map and mark territory, but these lines are oftentimes not as well defined in real life. It proposes that the "heartland," a region located in the interior of the Eurasian landmass, is the most important area in the world because it is the center of the world's land power. Finally, they cannot be used to cut off another States access to their territorial sea or EEZ. It contains a vast array of natural resources, such as seafood, critical minerals, medicines, and areas of significant ecological and conservation value. The Rimland Theory suggests that the dominant power in the rimland will be able to project its influence over the rest of the world, including the "heartland" (the interior of the Eurasian landmass) and the "outer crescent" (the Americas and Australia). / 56.000N 10.000E / 56.000; 10.000. The cession may be the result of a dispute or conflict settlement. The fascinating story behind many people's favori Test your vocabulary with our 10-question quiz! The EEZ provides a framework for the management of marine resources and the protection of the marine environment, and it plays a role in shaping the balance of power between states in the global maritime system. Territoriality Example Question #171 : Ap Human Geography Which of these descriptions most accurately describes an exclave? Privacy | is physically divided into several distinct segments, is highly centralized and often appears in the shape of a square, acts as a deterrent that prevents conflict between two much larger states, is completely surrounded by the territory of another state. The Organic Theory was used to justify imperialism and territorial expansion by European powers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Supranationalism, Devolution & Democratization | Concepts, Forces, & Examples. 14 LOSC, Article 7. Most African & Asian colonies became independent after WWII. 200 nautical mile (230 mile) exclusive economic zone. PDF United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Post the Definition of territorial sea to Facebook, Share the Definition of territorial sea on Twitter, More than 250,000 words that aren't in our free dictionary, Expanded definitions, etymologies, and usage notes. These movements can lead to disputes over borders, and in some cases, to military conflict or other forms of violence. A boundary is a line or border that marks the limits or edges of an area or entity. Free AP Human Geography Flashcards about PHHS - APHUG Unit 4 - StudyStack